These are the results of the sixth annual survey conducted by JetBrains to capture the landscape of the developer community.
This report has been created based on the responses of 29,269 developers from around the world who participated in our study in May–July 2022.
It covers a wide range of topics, including programming languages, tools, technologies, demographics, and even fun facts, as well as the lifestyle of developers.
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Key Takeaways
75%
of the coding community is involved in web development, while 66% involved in backend web development.
Python, the second most popular programming language, has continued to strengthen its position. As a primary language, it outperformed Java and has closed the gap with JavaScript.
According to the community, AI/ML is the most promising technology, and Rust is the most promising programming language.
One out of every two developers is planning to adopt a new language. The top choices for next languages are Go, Rust, Kotlin, TypeScript, and Python.
The most widespread programming language in the world is JavaScript.
TypeScript is the fastest-growing programming language.
The most favorite programming languages are Kotlin, C#, Python, Rust, and Java.
The least favorite programming languages are Perl, Visual Basic, Delphi, and C.
Programming languages
65%
3%
JavaScript
55%
1%
HTML / CSS
53%
7%
Python
49%
3%
SQL
48%
3%
Java
Half of all developers surveyed are planning to adopt a new programming language. The two most popular choices for next languages are Go and Rust, followed by Kotlin, TypeScript, and Python.
Which programming languages have you used in the last 12 months?
In 2021, the survey attracted a disproportionately high share of PHP and Laravel developers. You can find more information about the reasons for this aberration in the Methodology section.
The programming languages that are showing a downward trend include PHP, Ruby, Objective-C, and Scala.
Which programming languages have you used in the last 12 months?
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
65%
64%
69%
70%
69%
65%
JavaScript
60%
55%
61%
61%
60%
54%
HTML / CSS
47%
51%
50%
54%
49%
48%
Java
42%
47%
56%
56%
54%
49%
SQL
32%
41%
49%
55%
52%
53%
Python
30%
26%
29%
27%
32%
20%
PHP
20%
22%
24%
22%
21%
23%
C#
17%
18%
20%
27%
23%
25%
C++
15%
16%
17%
23%
19%
20%
C
12%
17%
25%
28%
29%
34%
TypeScript
10%
8%
11%
8%
6%
5%
Ruby
9%
8%
11%
9%
7%
7%
Swift
8%
12%
18%
19%
17%
19%
Go
7%
5%
6%
4%
3%
3%
Objective-C
7%
5%
6%
5%
3%
3%
Scala
2%
9%
16%
17%
14%
16%
Kotlin
–
2%
5%
7%
6%
9%
Rust
–
29%
40%
39%
37%
34%
Shell
070%
The most popular programming language, JavaScript, is used by 65% of developers in one way or another. It is also the most popular primary language, with a share of 34%.
TypeScript’s share has almost tripled over the course of 6 years, increasing from 12% in 2017 to 34% in 2022.
Will it eventually replace JavaScript? Though it is rapidly catching up to JavaScript, the usage of JavaScript remains stable high. 92% of TypeScript developers use JavaScript, with 40% choosing it as one of their primary languages.
What are your primary programming languages?
Choose no more than three languages.
33%
JavaScript
32%
Python
31%
Java
20%
HTML / CSS
18%
TypeScript
17%
SQL
14%
C#
12%
C++
Python has been growing in popularity, and with a share of 55%, it is now the second most used language, after JavaScript. More than half of all developers in the world are using it.
Python is also growing as a primary programming language and is catching up to JavaScript. Only one percentage point separates them, with Python at 33% and JavaScript at 34%!
Favorite programming language
Mentioned most often
Relative to the number of users
20%
Python
16%
Java
9%
JavaScript
9%
C#
7%
Kotlin
6%
TypeScript
6%
PHP
5%
C++
44%
Kotlin
39%
C#
38%
Python
36%
Rust
34%
Java
30%
Scala
29%
PHP
27%
Go
The five most favorite programming languages are Python, Java, JavaScript, C#, and Kotlin!
When we consider these preferences relative to number of people using the languages, however, the leaders are Kotlin, C#, Python, Rust, Java.
Least favorite programming language
Mentioned most often
Relative to the number of users
16%
JavaScript
15%
Java
10%
C
10%
PHP
7%
C++
6%
Python
3%
C#
3%
CSS/HTML
96%
Perl
77%
Visual Basic
60%
Delphi
51%
C
48%
PHP
39%
Assembly
32%
Java
32%
Ruby
The five most disliked programming languages are JavaScript, Java, PHP, C and C++.
JavaScript and Java are very controversial, as they are on top of the lists for both favorite and least favorite languages.
But if we calculate the least favorite language relative to the number of people using it, there is an absolute champion as the most dreaded language. Perl’s share is a whopping 96%, followed by Visual Basic with 77%, Delphi with 60%, and C with 51%.
Primary programming languages by age
18–20
21–29
30–39
40–49
50–59
60 or older
24%
38%
13%
9%
1%
16%
Assembly
24%
39%
18%
9%
5%
5%
C
8%
36%
31%
18%
6%
2%
C#
18%
44%
20%
10%
5%
3%
C++
4%
34%
26%
24%
12%
0%
Clojure / ClojureScript
3%
9%
38%
12%
36%
3%
COBOL
14%
53%
21%
10%
3%
0%
Dart
2%
14%
22%
39%
15%
9%
Delphi
2%
37%
40%
13%
7%
0%
Elixir
10%
25%
34%
22%
5%
4%
F#
5%
50%
31%
9%
4%
1%
Go
2%
43%
34%
15%
5%
0%
GraphQL
1%
33%
42%
17%
6%
2%
Groovy
22%
39%
30%
8%
1%
–
Haskell
13%
46%
26%
10%
3%
1%
HTML / CSS
11%
46%
28%
11%
3%
1%
Java
10%
46%
28%
11%
4%
1%
JavaScript
7%
34%
27%
17%
13%
2%
Julia
9%
45%
32%
10%
3%
1%
Kotlin
20%
48%
18%
14%
0%
–
Lua
19%
56%
13%
10%
2%
–
MATLAB
0%
44%
30%
10%
14%
2%
Objective-C
2%
14%
30%
28%
12%
14%
Perl
6%
38%
34%
16%
5%
1%
PHP
4%
39%
39%
11%
5%
1%
Platform tied language (Apex, ABAP, 1C)
15%
45%
23%
10%
5%
2%
Python
15%
48%
22%
4%
10%
0%
R
1%
28%
39%
23%
7%
1%
Ruby
18%
44%
24%
11%
2%
1%
Rust
3%
41%
33%
17%
5%
1%
Scala
5%
38%
31%
16%
7%
2%
Shell scripting languages
5%
43%
30%
15%
6%
2%
SQL
6%
35%
34%
14%
8%
3%
Swift
8%
48%
31%
10%
3%
0%
TypeScript
3%
22%
22%
23%
22%
9%
Visual Basic
10%
31%
27%
11%
7%
13%
Other
0%56%
The languages with the highest share among the youngest respondents (18–20) are Assembly, C, C++, Haskell, Lua, MatLab, and Rust. This is perhaps unsurprising, as these languages are often taught in universities.
The languages with relatively high shares among older developers are COBOL, Assembly, CoffeeScript, Perl, Delphi, and Visual Basic. With the exception of Assembly, these languages have low shares among developers younger than 30.
There is also a low amount of interest in Ruby among young developers.
Types of development
In which kinds of activities are you involved?
92%
Coding / Programming
53%
Code Reviewing
43%
Testing
38%
System Design
35%
Deployment
26%
Infrastructure Development / DevOps
17%
System Administration
14%
Academic Research
13%
Data Analysis
12%
Technical Writing
11%
Teaching Programming
For which platforms do you develop?
66%
Web (Back-end)
53%
Web (Front-end)
32%
Desktop
28%
Mobile
27%
Server / Infrastructure
18%
Cloud
8%
IoT / Embedded
4%
I don't develop anything
2%
WebAssembly
1%
Consoles
1%
Other
Which platforms do you target with your projects?
This question was only shown to respondents who develop for desktop.
86%
Windows
56%
Linux
39%
macOS
9%
Other
What types of software do you develop?
54%
Websites
36%
Utilities
27%
Database / Data Storage
23%
System Software
22%
Libraries / Frameworks
19%
IT Infrastructure
16%
Finance
The youngest survey respondents primarily work on game development and entertainment software.
What types of software do you develop with your main languages?
JavaScript
Python
Java
TypeScript
SQL
C#
C++
PHP
Go
Kotlin
79%
28%
38%
75%
43%
36%
3%
81%
33%
18%
Websites
23%
39%
21%
23%
16%
34%
20%
24%
30%
37%
Utilities (small apps for small tasks)
12%
9%
21%
15%
19%
16%
6%
12%
11%
19%
Finance
12%
15%
21%
12%
16%
23%
28%
17%
24%
15%
System Software
10%
17%
18%
20%
6%
22%
23%
17%
23%
27%
Libraries / Frameworks
8%
6%
8%
9%
4%
8%
9%
6%
8%
19%
Entertainment
7%
20%
19%
6%
50%
21%
8%
23%
20%
11%
Database / Data Storage
7%
16%
10%
10%
4%
13%
15%
9%
17%
14%
Programming Tools
6%
15%
14%
7%
8%
13%
12%
9%
30%
10%
IT Infrastructure
4%
31%
7%
4%
15%
8%
7%
4%
5%
6%
Business Intelligence / Data Science / Machine Learning
4%
5%
6%
3%
2%
22%
24%
2%
2%
8%
Games
3%
3%
2%
3%
1%
1%
2%
1%
6%
3%
Blockchain
3%
7%
2%
2%
1%
3%
6%
2%
3%
4%
Home Automation
2%
6%
5%
2%
2%
5%
6%
3%
10%
3%
Security
1%
1%
1%
1%
0%
6%
6%
0%
0%
1%
Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality
0%
3%
1%
0%
0%
2%
16%
0%
3%
1%
Hardware
3%
5%
4%
3%
3%
4%
5%
2%
3%
7%
Other
0%81%
This year, we asked respondents to match their primary programming language with the software types and platforms they use it for. This provided a more accurate picture of the most popular use cases for various languages than last year’s report, where we just made a cross table with the three primary programming languages.
Platforms by language
JavaScript
Python
Java
TypeScript
SQL
C#
C++
PHP
Go
Kotlin
85%
10%
10%
87%
8%
17%
2%
23%
4%
6%
Web (Front-end)
35%
54%
73%
39%
81%
62%
11%
93%
76%
39%
Web (Back-end)
20%
5%
18%
21%
8%
20%
11%
8%
4%
63%
Mobile
16%
35%
21%
13%
21%
53%
59%
9%
11%
14%
Desktop
8%
22%
14%
10%
14%
18%
6%
6%
27%
8%
Cloud
5%
28%
21%
9%
21%
19%
27%
13%
47%
15%
Server / Infrastructure
2%
8%
2%
1%
2%
4%
23%
1%
5%
2%
IoT / Embedded
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
5%
1%
0%
2%
0%
WebAssembly
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
4%
6%
0%
0%
0%
Consoles (Xbox / PlayStation / Nintendo etc.)
3%
7%
2%
2%
3%
3%
5%
1%
2%
4%
Other
0%93%
Technologies
Which technologies do you find promising?
Based on answers to a free-response question.
14%
AI/ML
13%
Rust
11%
JavaScript and its frameworks
9%
Go
8%
Kotlin
6%
Blockchain
6%
Python
6%
WebAssembly
* No specific technology was mentioned.
The largest share of developers identified AI / ML as the most promising technology. In addition to programming languages, respondents also mentioned Blockchain, WebAssembly, Flutter, AR / VR, and Cloud technologies.
On which operating systems are your development environments?
61%
Windows
46%
macOS
45%
Linux
1%
Other
Do you use Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) for local development?
59%
No, I don’t use it
24%
I work with tools installed in WSL
21%
I work with the project and tools located in WSL
17%
I run my application in WSL
2%
Other
This question was shown to all respondents who use Windows as their operating system.
Which devices do you use for development?
85%
Laptop
54%
Desktop
9%
Smartphone
4%
Tablet
1%
Chromebook or similar device
1%
Other
The responses indicate that developers appreciate mobility. 85% of developers use laptops for coding, and 39% use laptops and desktops simultaneously.
9% of the respondents claimed to code with a smartphone, with 65% of them developing for mobile!
What kinds of plugins do you install with your IDE or editor?
67%
Tools integration
57%
Framework integration
55%
Custom language support
55%
UI themes and add-ons
7%
I don’t install plugins
3%
Other
More than a half of developers (55%) install UI themes and add-ons for their IDEs or editors.
Salary
What is your annual net (after tax) salary in USD, excluding any bonuses?
28%
Don’t want to disclose
2%
Up to $1,000
2%
Up to $1,800
4%
Up to $6,000
5%
Up to $12,000
6%
Up to $18,000
7%
Up to $24,000
11%
Up to $36,000
7%
Up to $48,000
8%
Up to $60,000
7%
Up to $84,000
6%
Up to $120,000
4%
Up to $180,000
2%
More than $180,000
How satisfied are you with your salary?
7%
Completely satisfied
21%
Mostly satisfied
29%
Rather satisfied
18%
Rather dissatisfied
7%
Mostly dissatisfied
5%
Completely dissatisfied
14%
Prefer not to answer
57%
of developers are satisfied with their salary to some extent.
Salary satisfaction by annual net (after tax) salary in USD
Completely satisfied
Mostly satisfied
Rather satisfied
Rather dissatisfied
Mostly dissatisfied
Completely dissatisfied
Prefer not to answer
7%
12%
18%
23%
14%
19%
7%
Up to $1,000
3%
16%
22%
20%
19%
16%
4%
Up to $1,800
2%
12%
24%
32%
17%
10%
2%
Up to $6,000
2%
18%
31%
25%
13%
9%
3%
Up to $12,000
3%
13%
35%
31%
12%
4%
2%
Up to $18,000
3%
18%
34%
28%
10%
5%
2%
Up to $24,000
4%
19%
39%
25%
9%
3%
1%
Up to $36,000
4%
28%
38%
20%
6%
3%
1%
Up to $48,000
6%
29%
36%
19%
7%
2%
1%
Up to $60,000
9%
37%
36%
13%
3%
1%
0%
Up to $84,000
16%
39%
29%
11%
4%
1%
1%
Up to $120,000
19%
45%
24%
8%
1%
1%
1%
Up to $180,000
27%
44%
17%
8%
2%
1%
1%
More than $180,000
0%45%
Median value of annual net (after tax) salary in USD, excluding any bonuses
By regions
102000
United States
72000
Canada
54000
United Kingdom
42000
Germany
42000
Northern Europe and Benelux
42000
South Korea
27000
China
Share of top-paid employees by job role
60%
CIO / CEO / CTO
55%
Architect
51%
Team Lead
47%
Developer Advocate
41%
DevOps Engineer / Infrastructure Developer
39%
Systems Analyst
36%
Data Analyst / Data Engineer/ Data Scientist
Top-paid employees are considered to be those whose salary belongs to the top 25% highest salaries among respondents in their country.
Share of top-paid employees by primary language
50%
Go
47%
Ruby
41%
C++
39%
Kotlin
38%
Rust
37%
Shell scripting languages
35%
Swift
Gender and development
Gender
91%
Male
5%
Female
2%
Prefer not to say
1%
Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming
In charts below the “Other” option includes “non-binary, “genderqueer, or gender non-conforming”, as well as the “Other, please specify” and “Prefer not to say” options. The sample size of this group is too small, however, for reliable conclusions to be drawn from it.
Gender distribution by region
Male
Female
Other
85%
13%
1%
South Korea
88%
11%
1%
Argentina
89%
8%
3%
Canada
91%
8%
1%
Latin America
91%
8%
1%
Turkey
91%
8%
1%
Africa, Middle East, Central Asia
88%
7%
5%
United States
93%
6%
1%
Brazil
90%
6%
3%
Other South-East Asia and Oceania
92%
6%
2%
Russian Federation
94%
6%
1%
Mexico
93%
5%
2%
Spain
93%
5%
2%
Eastern Europe, Balkans and the Caucasus
93%
5%
3%
India
93%
5%
3%
France
93%
4%
2%
Other Europe
92%
4%
4%
Northern Europe and Benelux
91%
4%
5%
United Kingdom
93%
4%
4%
Germany
93%
3%
4%
Japan
93%
3%
4%
China
97%
2%
1%
Ukraine
1%97%
South Korea and Argentina had the largest shares of women.
The types of software development with the largest shares of women are augmented reality / virtual reality, websites, and business intelligence / data science / machine learning.
Professional coding experience by gender
Male
Female
Other
83%
12%
5%
I don't have any professional coding experience
85%
11%
4%
Less than 1 year
89%
7%
4%
1–2 years
92%
5%
3%
3–5 years
93%
4%
3%
6–10 years
96%
2%
2%
11–16 years
95%
2%
3%
16+ years
2%96%
Though diversity remains low in the tech industry, it is trending upwards.
Gender by age
Male
Female
Other
88%
7%
5%
18–20
90%
6%
4%
21–29
93%
5%
2%
30–39
95%
3%
2%
40–49
93%
4%
3%
50–59
94%
3%
3%
60 or older
2%95%
Primary languages by gender
Male
Female
Other
62%
38%
–
I don't use programming languages
77%
23%
0%
CoffeeScript
80%
13%
6%
R
89%
9%
3%
HTML / CSS
90%
7%
3%
C
93%
6%
1%
Perl
85%
6%
9%
Lua
92%
6%
3%
SQL
91%
6%
3%
MATLAB
93%
6%
1%
Platform tied language (Apex, ABAP, 1C)
94%
5%
1%
Visual Basic
92%
5%
3%
JavaScript
91%
5%
4%
Python
95%
5%
–
COBOL
91%
5%
4%
C++
93%
5%
3%
Java
93%
4%
2%
GraphQL
93%
4%
3%
Groovy
90%
4%
6%
Shell scripting languages
92%
4%
3%
Assembly
89%
4%
7%
Objective-C
91%
4%
6%
Julia
93%
4%
3%
C#
94%
4%
3%
TypeScript
92%
3%
5%
Swift
95%
3%
2%
Clojure / ClojureScript
94%
3%
2%
PHP
95%
3%
1%
Ruby
84%
3%
12%
F#
94%
3%
3%
Kotlin
94%
3%
3%
Elixir
91%
2%
7%
Rust
91%
2%
8%
Scala
96%
2%
3%
Dart
96%
1%
3%
Haskell
96%
1%
3%
Go
95%
1%
4%
Delphi
88%
5%
7%
Other
0%96%
Migration
Were you born in the country / region where you currently live?
About 10% of developers have moved to live in another country.
Which year did you start living in the country/region you currently live?
7%
2022
6%
2021
4%
2020
7%
2019
7%
2018
6%
2017
5%
2016
We see that migration among developers has generally been increasing, especially since 2015. It dropped in 2020 presumably due to the pandemic, and in 2022 it recovered to the levels seen in 2019.
Emigration
49%
29%
Ukraine
22%
12%
Russian Federation
18%
18%
Eastern Europe, Balkans and the Caucasus
15%
14%
Latin America
15%
14%
Turkey
Emigration rate = The number of people who were born in one country or region but work in a different one / the total number of people born in the country or region of origin.
Immigration
30%
29%
Canada
24%
23%
United Kingdom
22%
22%
Northern Europe and Benelux
18%
19%
Other Europe
17%
17%
United States
Immigration rate = The number of people working in a country or region who were born in a different region / the total number of people working in the destination country or region.
Languages
Which language do you mainly use at work?
67%
English
20%
Chinese
11%
Japanese
5%
German
5%
Spanish
5%
Hindi
4%
Russian
4%
French
This question was only shown to respondents who use different languages at home and at work.
Team Leads and Senior Developers are more likely to use English at work while speaking other languages at home or with friends.
Do you speak at home or with friends in the same language as you use at work?
What languages do you use with family and friends?
15%
English
14%
Chinese
13%
Hindi
9%
Spanish
8%
Russian
5%
Portuguese
4%
German
3%
Arabic
This question was only shown to respondents who use different languages at home and at work.
Out of that 13% who do not speak the same language at home as they do with their colleagues, the three languages most commonly spoken with family and friends were English, Chinese, and Hindi.
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