Welcome to the State of Developer Ecosystem Report 2024
Every year, we release the State of Developer Ecosystem Report to capture a snapshot of the developer world. This time, we’re keeping it streamlined – just the highlights on one web page, bringing together the most compelling insights from our research. The full raw data is available to download if you’d like to dig deeper.
Based on the responses from 23,262 developers worldwide, this report shines a bright light on the vast and diverse developer community. Our goal? To share what matters most to developers, from the programming languages, tools, and technologies they rely on to key issues shaping the industry.
This year, we continue exploring developers’ views on AI across various areas. Spoiler alert: Fear of AI seems to be diminishing! We also take a closer look at career and employment trends, diversity in the field, and even some insights into the recent mass layoffs in the sphere.
This is a public report; its contents may be used only for non-commercial purposes. Get the full details here.
Which programming languages have you used in the last 12 months?
Programming, scripting, and markup language usage
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
65%
64%
69%
70%
69%
65%
61%
61%
JavaScript
32%
41%
49%
55%
52%
53%
54%
57%
Python
60%
55%
61%
61%
60%
54%
52%
51%
HTML / CSS
42%
47%
56%
56%
54%
49%
52%
48%
SQL
47%
51%
50%
54%
49%
48%
49%
46%
Java
12%
17%
25%
28%
29%
34%
34%
37%
TypeScript
–
29%
40%
39%
37%
34%
34%
36%
Shell
17%
18%
20%
27%
23%
25%
25%
25%
C++
20%
22%
24%
22%
21%
23%
21%
22%
C#
15%
16%
17%
23%
19%
20%
19%
18%
C
8%
12%
18%
19%
17%
19%
17%
18%
Go
30%
26%
29%
27%
32%
20%
18%
17%
PHP
2%
9%
16%
17%
14%
16%
15%
14%
Kotlin
–
2%
5%
7%
6%
9%
10%
11%
Rust
–
–
6%
9%
8%
9%
7%
8%
Dart
9%
8%
11%
9%
7%
7%
6%
6%
Swift
2%
3%
4%
3%
3%
3%
4%
5%
Lua
10%
8%
11%
8%
6%
5%
4%
4%
Ruby
7%
5%
6%
5%
3%
3%
3%
3%
Scala
7%
5%
6%
4%
3%
3%
2%
2%
Objective-C
070%
JavaScript is the most used programming language
61%of all developers worldwide use JavaScript to create web pages.
Comfort zones
Once developers choose an ecosystem, they typically don’t plan on adopting any other technology or toolset. As is often the case, people tend to pick what they like and stick with what they know.
Programming, scripting, and markup languages
35%
6%
Python
30%
4%
Java
28%
3%
JavaScript
19%
5%
TypeScript
17%
4%
SQL
Go and Rust: most adopted languages
The languages most respondents plan to adopt are clearly Go and Rust. Both languages are built with performance and concurrency in mind and have compiler safety guarantees in place to help reduce bugs.
However, while we see Rust’s popularity growing, the share of Go developers remains stable.
Will Rust replace C++?
The only language to set a new usage record among this year’s most popular ones is Rust. Aspiring to replace C++ with its strict safety and memory ownership mechanisms, Rust has seen its user base steadily grow over the last five years. According to our data, one in six Go users is considering adopting Rust.
JavaScript vs. TypeScript
JavaScript remains the most popular programming language in the world, boasting a massive developer community and a plethora of resources. However, TypeScript is rapidly gaining traction. Its adoption has surged from 12% in 2017 up to an impressive 35% in 2024.
Should I learn TypeScript in 2025?
As we approach 2025, learning TypeScript can provide significant advantages in terms of code reliability, maintainability, and modern development practices. Whether you're an experienced developer or just starting out, integrating TypeScript into your skill set could prove to be a valuable career investment.
5 benefits of TypeScript over JavaScript:
Early error detection during development
Improved code quality and easier long-term maintenance
Compile-time error catching
More reliable and less error-prone refactoring
Native support for ES6 modules for organized coding
Will TypeScript replace JavaScript?
The shortest answer is NO! JavaScript is one of the most popular and fundamental technologies in the software development industry and it’s safe to say that it isn’t going anywhere soon.
While TypeScript is gaining popularity for its enhanced features and benefits, JavaScript’s widespread adoption, simplicity, and robust ecosystem ensure it remains a vital part of web development. Instead of replacing JavaScript, TypeScript is more likely to continue coexisting with it, offering developers a choice based on their project needs and preferences.
JetBrains Language Promise Index
199
TypeScript
198
Rust
151
Python
129
Go
118
Lua
113
C++
113
Kotlin
100
Shell
93
Dart
86
C
In last year’s report, we outlined the growth prospects of languages like TypeScript and Rust and predicted the continued decline in JavaScript's share. Both forecasts proved accurate. Although the percentage of JavaScript users hasn’t changed, the share of those who consider it their primary language has decreased by 2 percentage points.
This year, we decided to take things further and introduce a new index to the public – the JetBrains Language Promise Index. This index is based on a combination of audience growth over the past five years, the stability of this growth, the share of people expressing an intention to adopt the language, and the share of its users who want to adopt another language. The undisputed leaders of the JetBrains Language Promise Index are TypeScript, Rust, and Python.
Python, which started out with a 32% share in our first survey seven years ago (nearly on par with PHP's 30%), is now used by more than half of the world’s programmers.
Technologies
Do you develop any applications? If so, where is the end-user application executed?
62%
Browser
40%
Server / Cloud
38%
Desktop
32%
Mobile
8%
IoT / Embedded
7%
No, I don't develop applications
2%
Console
1%
Other
Desktop vs. mobile development
While some believe that mobile development is more prevalent than desktop development, our data shows that desktop application development surpasses mobile by 6 percentage points. This challenges the notion that mobile has overtaken desktop, proving that desktops remain essential for many developers.
Platform usage: browser, desktop, and mobile
According to the survey, 58% of developers run their code on browser platforms. Desktop is close behind at 53%, showing its continued importance, especially for tasks that require more power or specialized tools. Mobile, at 30%, is growing but hasn't yet caught up to desktop usage.
On which platforms is your code executed?
58%
Browser
56%
Server / Infrastructure / Cloud
53%
Desktop
30%
Mobile
10%
IoT / Embedded
5%
WebAssembly
2%
Console
1%
Other
Which specific functionality does your code implement?
52%
Application logic and workflows
49%
Integrating with APIs and services
43%
User interface
41%
Providing APIs and services
32%
Libraries / Frameworks
27%
Data processing and analytics
18%
Integration with AI
17%
Automating software testing and quality assurance
16%
Ad hoc scripts
Blockchain has been receiving a lot of attention lately, but nonetheless, our data reveals that the technology hasn’t actually gained much traction – it is targeted by only 3% of all developers.
18%of developers are involved in building integrations with AI, indicating that AI is steadily infiltrating developed software.
Code functionality by primary programming language
Python
Java
JavaScript
TypeScript
SQL
C#
C++
PHP
Go
Kotlin
38%
48%
38%
47%
25%
55%
17%
58%
54%
54%
Integrating with APIs and services
35%
55%
38%
47%
37%
63%
34%
56%
47%
61%
Application logic and workflows
35%
17%
7%
6%
45%
18%
14%
18%
12%
12%
Data processing and analytics
31%
5%
3%
4%
6%
6%
11%
3%
3%
4%
Artificial intelligence and machine learning
28%
49%
22%
29%
31%
50%
13%
53%
58%
39%
Providing APIs and services
27%
5%
3%
2%
21%
5%
6%
4%
2%
3%
Data science / Data analytics
26%
9%
10%
12%
5%
12%
9%
10%
12%
10%
Integration with AI
22%
4%
9%
7%
11%
8%
4%
13%
10%
5%
Ad hoc scripts
19%
29%
23%
31%
11%
36%
30%
33%
29%
33%
Libraries / Frameworks
16%
13%
9%
15%
4%
18%
9%
13%
10%
15%
Automating software testing and quality assurance
14%
19%
58%
62%
8%
32%
18%
25%
9%
42%
User interface (handling user inputs and interactive elements)
11%
10%
6%
6%
6%
15%
19%
10%
20%
8%
System tools and components
7%
9%
4%
4%
2%
12%
18%
6%
15%
12%
Network communication protocols
6%
3%
4%
3%
1%
5%
13%
3%
3%
8%
Audio or video processing
6%
9%
3%
4%
2%
9%
10%
8%
9%
9%
Security, encryption, and cryptographic protocols
6%
1%
1%
0%
2%
2%
5%
1%
1%
1%
Conducting simulations and predictive modeling
4%
4%
2%
1%
1%
7%
21%
2%
4%
4%
Hardware interfacing and control systems
2%
2%
4%
4%
0%
7%
15%
1%
1%
5%
Rendering and processing graphics (2D/3D)
2%
2%
3%
3%
2%
0%
3%
1%
4%
1%
Blockchain technology
0%63%
Which programming languages are being used for artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)?
The most commonly used programming language for AI and ML is Python. Given its status as the second most popular programming language, Python boasts extensive libraries (such as TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, and scikit-learn) and strong community support.
A substantial percentage of C++ developers reported that they are actively involved in AI and ML.
Which kinds of software, products, or services do you develop?
42%
Websites
27%
Business applications
27%
Web services
20%
Cloud services
18%
System software
13%
Finance
12%
I don’t develop a specific product or service
11%
IT infrastructure
8%
Analytical software
8%
Development tools
Software type by primary programming language
Python
Java
JavaScript
TypeScript
SQL
C#
C++
PHP
Go
Kotlin
28%
31%
75%
71%
42%
38%
6%
77%
25%
15%
Websites
25%
35%
20%
23%
34%
39%
5%
41%
43%
24%
Web services
25%
25%
11%
16%
20%
28%
11%
16%
39%
20%
Cloud services
23%
35%
28%
33%
44%
46%
16%
34%
21%
37%
Business applications
20%
5%
4%
5%
13%
7%
6%
7%
4%
4%
Analytical software
17%
22%
10%
9%
17%
23%
34%
14%
19%
19%
System software
15%
12%
5%
5%
8%
10%
10%
7%
20%
7%
IT infrastructure
11%
19%
10%
11%
21%
16%
10%
9%
11%
17%
Finance
8%
7%
6%
6%
5%
8%
15%
5%
8%
8%
Development tools
7%
5%
3%
2%
3%
5%
9%
3%
7%
6%
Security
6%
5%
6%
6%
3%
7%
11%
5%
5%
15%
Entertainment
4%
1%
1%
1%
1%
2%
5%
1%
1%
2%
Home automation
4%
6%
8%
6%
4%
4%
3%
4%
4%
9%
Mini-apps
4%
4%
5%
3%
2%
14%
20%
2%
3%
7%
Games
3%
2%
1%
0%
1%
2%
17%
0%
3%
2%
Hardware
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
4%
5%
1%
0%
1%
Augmented reality / Virtual reality
0%77%
Which kinds of websites do you develop?
60%
Business website
39%
Web interface for a product
35%
Personal or portfolio websites
31%
E-commerce website
22%
Intranet portal
17%
Informational website
17%
Blog / Social media / Forum platform
14%
Multifunctional web portal
10%
Educational / MOOC platform
9%
News or entertainment content
3%
Other
Complex testing scenarios have become more accessible than ever thanks to tools like Playwright, Selenium, JetBrains Aqua, and others.
Which types of tests do you use in your projects?
78%
Unit
63%
Integration
48%
End-to-end
36%
Performance
1%
Other
5%
None
Which types of tests do you use in your projects?
78%
Unit
63%
Integration
48%
End-to-end
36%
Performance
1%
Other
5%
None
Which databases have you used in the last 12 months, if any?
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
60%
59%
61%
52%
51%
52%
MySQL
32%
35%
36%
38%
38%
45%
PostgreSQL
30%
32%
28%
27%
27%
30%
MongoDB
29%
27%
29%
28%
25%
30%
SQLite
27%
25%
29%
27%
26%
29%
Redis
22%
20%
19%
18%
18%
20%
Microsoft SQL Server
21%
19%
23%
18%
16%
16%
MariaDB
–
–
–
–
–
13%
Elasticsearch
16%
14%
13%
11%
13%
12%
Oracle Database
–
–
–
–
–
10%
Amazon DynamoDB
7%
6%
5%
6%
6%
6%
H2
–
–
–
–
–
5%
BigQuery
–
–
–
–
–
5%
Cloud Firestore
–
–
–
–
–
3%
Amazon Athena
1%
1%
2%
2%
3%
3%
ClickHouse
–
–
–
–
–
3%
Snowflake
5%
4%
3%
3%
4%
3%
Amazon Redshift
4%
3%
3%
3%
3%
3%
Cassandra
3%
3%
2%
2%
3%
2%
Db2
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
2%
Neo4j
3%
2%
2%
1%
1%
2%
HBase
–
–
–
–
–
1%
CockroachDB
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
1%
Couchbase
–
–
–
–
–
1%
Presto
7%
7%
7%
8%
7%
4%
Other
7%
8%
8%
9%
11%
8%
None
061%
What are the most popular databases?
Database popularity has remained fairly stable in recent years. Open-source databases – MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, SQLite, and Redis – dominate the storage options used by developers in our ecosystem.
It seems that the main databases driving business are well-established, with very few organizations switching from the databases they’ve adopted.
Which cloud service do you use the most?
2021
2022
2023
2024
50%
51%
48%
46%
Amazon Web Services
12%
15%
15%
17%
Microsoft Azure
11%
11%
12%
11%
Google Cloud Platform
9%
8%
9%
11%
Alibaba Cloud
7%
4%
3%
3%
DigitalOcean
3%
4%
2%
1%
Heroku
1%
1%
1%
1%
Huawei Cloud
1%
1%
–
–
OVH
0%
1%
0%
0%
Cloud Foundry
0%
0%
0%
1%
Yandex Cloud
–
–
1%
1%
Hetzner
–
–
1%
2%
Oracle Cloud
–
–
0%
1%
Red Hat OpenShift
4%
5%
5%
6%
Other
0%51%
Do you use virtualization or containers during development?
49%
I use Docker locally
25%
No
21%
I connect to a hosted Docker container
21%
I use remote virtual machines in Clouds
18%
I use remote virtual machines on-premises
16%
I connect to a hosted Kubernetes cluster in Clouds
16%
I use local virtual machines
12%
I run Kubernetes locally
12%
I connect to a hosted Kubernetes cluster on-premises
1%
Other
Developer Experience
Does your company measure developer experience and developer productivity (either for individuals or teams)?
40%
No
28%
Yes, we measure both developer productivity and developer experience
14%
Yes, we measure developer productivity
6%
Yes, we measure developer experience
13%
I’m not sure
Who is responsible for developer experience and developer productivity engineering in your company?
67%
Team leads
17%
Platform Engineering team
16%
Dedicated specialists or dedicated teams
15%
No one is responsible for measuring developer productivity or developer experience
13%
Human Resources
2%
I don’t know
3%
Other
What is developer experience and do companies care about it?
Developer experience (DevEx or DX) refers to the overall satisfaction and feeling of productivity that developers experience when interacting with software development tools, processes, environments, and platforms.
This topic has been gaining increasing attention lately, as developer experience is closely connected with the effectiveness of software development delivery. Companies are stepping up their efforts to assess DevEx and developer productivity, aiming to better understand the factors that influence them. Developers state that both technical and non-technical factors are almost equally critical in shaping their developer experience.
Almost half of tech managers reported that their companies measure developer productivity, DevEx, or both, and 16% of companies have dedicated specialists responsible for developer productivity engineering and developer experience.
AI
Which of the following AI tools have you ever used or tried for coding and other development-related activities?
69%
49%
ChatGPT
40%
26%
GitHub Copilot
17%
7%
Google Gemini
14%
5%
JetBrains AI Assistant
9%
3%
CodeGPT plugin in VS Code
How many developers use ChatGPT or Copilot while programming?
69%of developers have tried, and 49% regularly use, ChatGPT for coding and other development-related activities. The second most popular AI tool for developers, GitHub Copilot, has been tried by 40% and is regularly used by 26% of our respondents.
Many coders are clearly getting a feel for AI, but only time will tell whether this emerging tooling will be embraced in the long run.
What is your company’s policy regarding the usage of third-party cloud-based AI tools (such as ChatGPT, GitHub Copilot, or Google Gemini) for coding and development-related tasks?
29%
Allowed for all projects
26%
Allowed only for some projects
25%
There is no such policy in my company
11%
Prohibited for all projects
6%
I don’t know
3%
Other
How many companies ban or restrict AI?
The majority of companies (almost 80%), either allow the use of third-party AI tools to varying extent or have no established policy. Only 11% of organizations completely prohibit the usage of third-party cloud-based AI tools.
This suggests that the fear of AI is gradually fading.
What benefits do you get from using AI tools for coding and other development-related activities?
67%
Less time spent searching for information
58%
Faster coding and development
57%
Faster completion of repetitive tasks
57%
Increased productivity
45%
Faster learning of new technologies, frameworks, languages, etc.
39%
Less mental effort required for coding and development
36%
Better coding and development experience
23%
Better quality of code and development solutions
2%
Other
1%
None
On average, how much time do you think you save per week by using AI tools for coding and other development-related activities?
32%
From 1 to less than 2 hours
27%
From 2 to less than 4 hours
14%
Less than 1 hour
13%
From 4 to less than 8 hours
9%
8 hours or more
4%
I don’t save any time
Do you use a Virtual Reality (VR) headset for coding, and if so, for how long have you been doing so?
49%
No, but I would love to try
44%
No, and I am not planning to use one
3%
Yes, I use one regularly
3%
Yes, I tried one once or twice, but I don't use it now
2%
Yes, I use one occasionally
Coding with a VR headset
8%of developers have experimented with coding using Virtual Reality (VR), and nearly 50% are eager to try it.
The most common barriers preventing developers from adopting VR for coding include the high cost of the equipment and the uncertainty about its benefits. Additionally, 18% of developers experience physical discomfort or have health concerns related to prolonged VR use.
Why do you use a VR headset for coding?
42%
It enhances the visualization of complex data
39%
It increases my productivity with a multi-screen virtual workspace
28%
It simplifies testing VR-specific applications
25%
It replaces physical monitors with a virtual workspace
18%
It supports collaborative work through virtual meetings
15%
The portability of VR headsets enables working from any location
14%
I have a personal interest in VR and other emerging technologies
10%
It provides me with a customized virtual environment
Developers’ Life
How much of your working time do you spend on activities directly involving code?
1%
Less than 10%
4%
10%–20%
8%
21%–30%
11%
31%–40%
11%
41%–50%
13%
51%–60%
17%
61%–70%
19%
71%–80%
10%
81%–90%
6%
More than 90%
How much of your working time do you spend on meetings, work-related chats, and emails?
16%
Less than 10%
33%
10%–20%
25%
21%–30%
13%
31%–40%
6%
41%–50%
3%
51%–60%
2%
61%–70%
1%
71%–80%
Salary
Median salary by region in USD
144K
United States
82.2K
United Kingdom
80.1K
Canada
75.2K
Germany
68.3K
Benelux and Northern Europe
59.5K
Central Europe
51.5K
France
Salary ranges in USD
4%
Less than 6K
7%
6K to 12K
8%
12K to 18K
8%
18K to 24K
15%
24K to 36K
11%
36K to 48K
10%
48K to 60K
Share of top-paid employees by programming language
Note: Top-paid employees are those whose salaries are in the top quartile in their country or region.
37%
Scala
35%
Go
34%
Kotlin
33%
C
32%
C++
31%
Shell scripting
30%
Java
29%
Python
27%
Rust
27%
TypeScript
26%
SQL
24%
C#
23%
JavaScript
19%
HTML / CSS
16%
PHP
What are the highest-paying programming languages?
The programming languages that command the highest paychecks are Scala, Go, Kotlin, C++, Rust, C, Shell, Java, and Python.
However, salaries aren’t determined by language alone. Job roles matter! For example, Shell scripting falls under the top-paid category because it’s heavily used by DevOps engineers, who usually have higher salaries.
For more detailed information about salaries in the tech industry, check out our Salary Calculator.
Share of top-paid employees by gender
Note: Top-paid employees are those whose salaries are in the top quartile in their country or region.
28%
Male
19%
Female
Have you ever made a career transition to tech or IT?
How many career switchers are in tech?
A substantial 22% of software developers who took part in our survey previously worked in different industries, which demonstrates the industry’s accessibility and appeal to professionals from diverse backgrounds. For career switchers, it’s crucial to focus on building a strong foundation in essential programming languages and software development principles. Gaining practical experience through projects, internships, or coding boot camps can help facilitate this significant life change.
Which of the following educational institutions or resources empowered you to take your first step toward becoming a developer?
52%
Formal educational institution
14%
Free online courses or code schools
10%
Books
7%
Blogs / Community forums
5%
Offline courses
5%
Paid online courses or code schools
3%
Codecamps / User groups / Meetups
4%
Other
Software Developer Job Market Trends
Because layoffs in the tech industry have been a hot topic over the past two years, we asked developers about their experiences. Half of the respondents’ companies did not have any job reductions, suggesting that the overall industry seems relatively stable at this point. However, 14% of businesses experienced mass layoffs, and one-third faced small-scale downsizing.
Have there been any layoffs in companies you worked for in the past two years?
Have you personally been affected by layoffs in the past two years?
>50%of the respondents weren’t directly impacted by layoffs, though 30% felt the indirect effects. 16% lost their jobs. This paints a picture of a workforce where layoffs have had a notable, albeit uneven, impact over the past two years.
How secure do you feel in your current job?
13%
Completely secure
22%
Very secure
32%
Fairly secure
21%
Hard to say
7%
Fairly insecure
2%
Very insecure
2%
Completely insecure
1%
I don’t know
Are developers concerned about losing their job?
Given the current climate, most developers feel safe and secure in their jobs. Only 11% claim to be insecure to some extent.
In your current job, how would you rate the amount of work you do compared to what is expected of you?
17%
Significantly more than expected
31%
A bit more than expected
41%
As much as expected
9%
A bit less than expected
1%
Only the bare minimum
How would you describe the current job market for software developers in your city or area, particularly in terms of how easy it is to get a job?
8%
Very favorable
22%
Somewhat favorable
20%
Neutral
26%
Somewhat challenging
20%
Very challenging
5%
I don’t know
While people with jobs feel secure, it seems the prospect of finding a new position and general mobility is a concern for many. This may hurt career progression in general.
Khalid Abuhakmeh
.NET Developer Advocate
How would you describe the current job market for software developers in your city or area, particularly in terms of how easy it is to get a job?
Favorable
Neutral
Challenging
60%
18%
21%
Germany
58%
22%
19%
France
54%
23%
23%
Japan
51%
18%
31%
Argentina
48%
22%
30%
Central Europe
47%
19%
34%
Benelux and Northern Europe
43%
22%
35%
Spain
42%
22%
36%
Northern and Eastern Mediterranean
40%
16%
45%
Mexico
37%
16%
46%
Brazil
34%
29%
37%
Central and South America
34%
17%
49%
Canada
34%
26%
41%
United Kingdom
34%
29%
37%
South Korea
33%
24%
43%
Other Southeast Asia and Oceania
30%
22%
47%
United States
30%
22%
48%
Middle East, Africa, Central Asia
28%
20%
52%
Eastern Europe, Balkans, and the Caucasus
20%
24%
56%
India
13%
14%
72%
Mainland China
13%72%
In which countries is it easiest and hardest for people to find jobs in tech?
The top four countries with the easiest job markets are Germany, France, Japan, and Argentina, with combined positive scores of 60%, 58%, 54%, and 51%, respectively.
Mainland China and India are where people find it hardest to find tech work. In Mainland China, 41% find it challenging to find a job, and 30% find it very challenging. In India, the proportion of respondents who experience difficulty finding employment is also very high at 56%.
What are the most challenging parts of your job?
38%
Understanding user requirements
34%
Communication with other job roles
32%
Understanding other people’s code
24%
Context switching
21%
Improving team processes
16%
Debugging
16%
Communication with other developers
15%
Improving my technical skills
15%
Writing code
Communication, communication, communication. Technical work is rarely seen as the difficult aspect of the job, but working with others can be challenging.
Khalid Abuhakmeh
.NET Developer Advocate
While we pride ourselves on being problem solvers, understanding the problem is half the work. Communication remains key, as always.
Marit van Dijk
Java Developer Advocate
Demographics
How many full years of professional coding experience do you have?
9%
Less than 1 year
17%
1–2 years
25%
3–5 years
20%
6–10 years
11%
11–16 years
14%
16+ years
5%
I don't have any professional coding experience
What is your gender?
91%
Male
6%
Female
2%
Prefer not to say
1%
Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming
We have been tracking gender distribution among developers since 2021. The share of female developers has previously stayed at 5%, but this year, it went up by 1 percentage point! We hope this is a promising sign of a more inclusive future for women in tech.
Khalid Abuhakmeh
.NET Developer Advocate
The software development industry has, unfortunately, failed thus far with gender diversity, excluding meaningful perspectives from contributing to the creative process. I hope for a future where we can do better.
What is your gender?
Female
Male
Other
15%
83%
1%
South Korea
14%
84%
2%
Argentina
9%
85%
6%
United States
8%
91%
1%
Middle East, Africa, Central Asia
8%
91%
2%
Central and South America
7%
88%
4%
Canada
6%
91%
3%
Other Southeast Asia and Oceania
6%
91%
3%
Benelux and Northern Europe
6%
92%
2%
Eastern Europe, Balkans, and the Caucasus
6%
92%
2%
Mexico
6%
91%
3%
Spain
6%
92%
2%
Brazil
6%
89%
5%
United Kingdom
5%
92%
2%
France
5%
93%
2%
Central Europe
5%
93%
2%
Northern and Eastern Mediterranean
5%
92%
3%
Germany
4%
94%
2%
India
3%
94%
3%
Japan
2%
94%
3%
Mainland China
1%94%
What percentage of the tech industry is female?
On average, women make up 6% of the tech workforce, but this percentage varies in different regions.
South Korea and Argentina are the leaders in terms of the proportion of women. This year, we asked a few more questions to better understand the problems women face in the industry, and these also vary significantly. In Argentina, not a single woman reported experiencing disrespectful or dismissive behavior or unwanted physical contact at work. Meanwhile, in China and India, where the proportion of women among developers is minimal, more than a quarter of women have reported encountering such issues over the past year.
The data suggests a potential inverse correlation between the proportion of women in tech and the prevalence of negative experiences. Regions with higher female representation, like South Korea and Argentina, seem to have more positive work environments.
What is your age range?
8%
18–20
22%
21–24
22%
25–29
17%
30–34
11%
35–39
12%
40–49
5%
50–59
2%
60 or older
What is your age range?
8%
18–20
22%
21–24
22%
25–29
17%
30–34
11%
35–39
12%
40–49
5%
50–59
2%
60 or older
Percentage of young developers in different regions (18–29 years old)
75%
India
71%
Middle East, Africa, Central Asia
63%
Mainland China
54%
Other Southeast Asia and Oceania
50%
Northern and Eastern Mediterranean
49%
France
49%
Canada
The age distribution is similar in most countries, with young developers making up 40%–50% of the total.
The regions with the youngest developers are India and the Middle East, Africa, and Central Asia.
Japan has the highest number of older specialists and the lowest percentage of younger specialists. This is highly correlated with the aging population and how the industry is evolving in the region.
In which country or region do you currently reside?
Note: The report is weighted according to our estimations of the populations of professional developers in each country as shown in the Data Playground
20%
China Mainland
14%
United States
13%
India
7%
Japan
3%
Germany
3%
Brazil
3%
United Kingdom
How many people work for your company or organization?
3%
Just me
10%
2–10
18%
11–50
28%
51–500
9%
501–1,000
12%
1,001–5,000
18%
More than 5,000
2%
I'm not sure
How many people work for your company or organization?
3%
Just me
10%
2–10
18%
11–50
28%
51–500
9%
501–1,000
12%
1,001–5,000
18%
More than 5,000
2%
I'm not sure
What percentage of people in your company or organization write code (approximately)?
27%
0%–20%
23%
21%–40%
20%
41%–60%
15%
61%–80%
9%
81%–100%
6%
Not sure
What percentage of people in your company or organization write code (approximately)?
27%
0%–20%
23%
21%–40%
20%
41%–60%
15%
61%–80%
9%
81%–100%
6%
Not sure
Which kinds of development is your company or organization involved in?
Internal deployment and maintenance of third-party tools
16%
Outsourcing
13%
Open-source projects
1%
Other
In-house development is still very popular, which leads me to believe that every company in the world is a tech company, regardless of whether it thinks of itself as one.
Khalid Abuhakmeh
.NET Developer Advocate
Which of the following sectors is your company or organization primarily active in?
22%
Mobile development
20%
Cloud computing / Platform / Data center
18%
Outsourced software development
17%
Software development tools
16%
Big data / Data analysis
15%
Other IT services
15%
Other software
26%of all developers claim to work for a startup, while 6% reported that they work for governmental organizations. It is interesting to note that some of the respondents claiming to be employed by startups work in companies with more than 1,000 employees. This leads us to question the precise definition of the term “startup” and the criteria used to gauge when a company evolves beyond that classification.
Which of the following describe the company or organization you work for? Select all that apply.
45%
Privately owned
26%
Startup
23%
B2B
19%
Publicly traded
15%
Multinational corporation
11%
B2C
6%
Governmental
3%
Non-profit
3%
Family-owned
2%
None of the above
How many people work in your project team?
49%
2–7 people
22%
8–12 people
10%
13–20 people
8%
I work on my projects independently
6%
21–40 people
5%
More than 40 people
What is the average size of a software development team?
Half of all developers surveyed work in small teams of 2–7 people, while 88% reported working in teams of under 20.
Game developers are a unique breed. While many work independently as hobbyists, they're also more likely than other developers to collaborate on large teams of over 40 people.
Have you faced any of the following situations in the tech industry over the last year?
Male
Female
27%
35%
Experiencing the need to prove my competence again and again
23%
27%
Lacking growth opportunities in the tech industry
22%
23%
Being overlooked for promotions or challenging projects
21%
25%
Feeling not valued or recognized in the workplace
13%
15%
Experiencing disparities in salary or benefits that seem unrelated to job performance or qualifications
13%
15%
Being micromanaged by my superiors
11%
13%
Colleagues not consulting me in areas I’m qualified in but instead consulting other, less-qualified coworkers
10%
12%
Having my work quality routinely evaluated as acceptable even when it’s excellent
7%
11%
Being regularly assigned menial tasks, such as taking notes, ordering food, and so on
7%
18%
Feeling like I’m not accepted in the tech industry
7%
10%
Colleagues presenting my ideas as theirs without proper credit or attribution
5%
8%
Inappropriate expectations from others about my family vs. work priorities
5%
11%
Feeling excluded from informal social activities or networking opportunities at work
4%
9%
Being the target of disrespectful or dismissive behavior at work
4%
5%
Being told that I’m too aggressive, bossy, or abrasive at work
3%
9%
Receiving unsolicited or offensive comments or hearing inappropriate jokes
2%
3%
Experiencing unwanted physical contact
1%
2%
Having to step down after a childcare leave
35%
26%
None of the above
1%35%
Methodology
We conducted the survey between May and June of 2024. The report is based on the input of 23,262 developers after data cleaning. We weighted the data according to where the responses came from. As a base, we took responses collected from external sources that are less biased toward JetBrains users. After that, we weighted the data based on geography, employment status, programming languages, and JetBrains product usage.
Despite these measures, some bias is likely present, as JetBrains users might have been more willing, on average, to complete the survey.
Click here for an in-depth look at our methodology
Raw data
Want to dig into the results yourself? Download the anonymized survey responses and see what you discover!
This report covers only the main highlights, but the raw data contains all 600+ survey questions.
Our products are technology-agnostic and support a mix of languages and other tools that your team and project may be using now or might adopt tomorrow.
Take part in surveys and UX studies to help make JetBrains products even better. For participating in our research, you’ll also get the chance to earn rewards.