2021 开发者生态系统现状
本报告展示了 JetBrains 进行的第五次年度开发者生态系统调查的综合结果。来自 183 个国家或地区的 31,743 名开发者帮助我们绘制了开发者社区版图。
在这里,您可以了解科技行业的最新趋势,以及有关工具、技术、编程语言和编程世界许多其他方面的趣事。
重要发现
JavaScript 是最受欢迎的语言。
就整体使用情况而言,Python 比 Java 更受欢迎,而作为一种主要语言,Java 比 Python 更受欢迎。
开发者计划采用或迁移到的前 5 种语言是 Go、Kotlin、TypeScript、Python 和 Rust。
2021 年开发者学习的前 5 种语言是 JavaScript、Python、TypeScript、Java 和 Go。
过去 5 年,Ruby、Objective-C 和 Scala 的受欢迎度都在下降。
增长最快的 5 种语言是 Python、TypeScript、Kotlin、SQL 和 Go。
大部分受访者 (71%) 从事网页后端开发。

请注意,不同版本之间的调查方法的某些方面发生了变化。2021 年,我们扩大了地理覆盖范围,导致某些语言的比例出现了差异。例如,PHP 的比例高出 3 个百分点,Python 和 Java 在新区域的比例比最初的国家/地区低一些。
JavaScript | Java | Python | PHP | SQL | TypeScript | C# | C++ | Go | Kotlin | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
46% | 50% | 45% | 49% | 49% | 53% | 52% | 46% | 61% | 59% | 否,我没有采用/迁移计划 |
13% | 11% | 14% | 13% | 12% | 13% | 11% | 10% | 0% | 11% | Go |
9% | 13% | 10% | 8% | 11% | 8% | 9% | 11% | 7% | - | Kotlin |
14% | 8% | 9% | 12% | 9% | - | 8% | 7% | 5% | 6% | TypeScript |
10% | 8% | 0% | 11% | 11% | 8% | 9% | 6% | 2% | 6% | Python |
7% | 6% | 9% | 6% | 7% | 12% | 7% | 10% | 17% | 8% | Rust |
6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 6% | 4% | 8% | Swift |
7% | 4% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 7% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 3% | GraphQL |
5% | 4% | 4% | 5% | 4% | 6% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 7% | Dart |
- | 5% | 7% | 2% | 4% | 0% | 4% | 8% | 2% | 3% | JavaScript |
4% | - | 5% | 4% | 4% | 3% | 4% | 6% | 2% | 1% | Java |
4% | 4% | 5% | 3% | 3% | 3% | - | 7% | 1% | 2% | C# |
3% | 4% | 6% | 3% | 3% | 3% | 4% | 0% | 3% | 2% | C++ |
3% | 3% | 5% | 1% | - | 2% | 2% | 5% | 1% | 1% | SQL |
3% | 2% | 3% | 4% | 2% | 2% | 2% | 3% | 1% | 2% | Ruby |
14% | 17% | 22% | 11% | 17% | 13% | 16% | 25% | 12% | 12% | 其他 |
过去 5 年,开发者对操作系统的偏好一直保持不变。
此问题向所有使用 Windows 作为其操作系统的受访者显示。
JavaScript | Java | Python | PHP | SQL | TypeScript | C# | C++ | Go | Kotlin | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
80% | 56% | 53% | 85% | 66% | 76% | 59% | 39% | 57% | 43% | 网站 |
40% | 37% | 45% | 39% | 38% | 41% | 45% | 44% | 43% | 46% | 实用工具(用于小型任务的小应用) |
30% | 29% | 31% | 36% | 47% | 27% | 37% | 25% | 28% | 21% | 数据库/数据存储 |
23% | 27% | 24% | 24% | 28% | 23% | 29% | 28% | 31% | 22% | 系统软件 |
20% | 21% | 20% | 21% | 21% | 30% | 26% | 26% | 31% | 30% | 库/框架 |
16% | 19% | 21% | 19% | 22% | 19% | 17% | 14% | 37% | 15% | IT 基础架构 |
17% | 20% | 13% | 16% | 23% | 20% | 20% | 9% | 16% | 23% | 金融 |
12% | 15% | 31% | 11% | 19% | 12% | 14% | 22% | 13% | 12% | 商业智能/数据科学/机器学习 |
13% | 13% | 17% | 14% | 12% | 17% | 15% | 20% | 20% | 16% | 编程工具 |
12% | 12% | 11% | 11% | 8% | 11% | 12% | 16% | 11% | 20% | 娱乐 |
7% | 9% | 10% | 6% | 5% | 8% | 20% | 21% | 6% | 10% | 游戏 |
5% | 6% | 10% | 5% | 5% | 6% | 7% | 10% | 7% | 7% | 家居自动化 |
5% | 6% | 9% | 5% | 6% | 5% | 6% | 9% | 10% | 5% | 安全 |
3% | 4% | 6% | 2% | 3% | 3% | 6% | 12% | 4% | 4% | 硬件 |
2% | 2% | 3% | 1% | 1% | 2% | 6% | 6% | 1% | 3% | 增强现实/虚拟现实 |
2% | 2% | 3% | 2% | 2% | 3% | 2% | 4% | 4% | 2% | 区块链 |
5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 7% | 6% | 6% | 5% | 10% | 其他 |
桌面 | 移动 | Web(后端) | Web(前端) | 游戏机 | 服务器/基础架构 | 物联网/嵌入式 | WebAssembly | 云 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
61% | 37% | 35% | 31% | 5% | 32% | 35% | 9% | 8% | 汇编 |
51% | 28% | 39% | 33% | 2% | 27% | 26% | 2% | 12% | C |
56% | 35% | 76% | 61% | 4% | 28% | 8% | 5% | 22% | C# |
57% | 32% | 45% | 36% | 4% | 27% | 17% | 3% | 13% | C++ |
15% | 20% | 87% | 57% | 0% | 42% | 4% | 6% | 40% | Clojure/ClojureScript |
42% | 15% | 35% | 25% | - | 38% | 4% | - | 26% | COBOL |
26% | 37% | 72% | 72% | - | 15% | - | - | - | CoffeeScript |
60% | 51% | 77% | 73% | 1% | 20% | 1% | - | 5% | Crystal |
28% | 92% | 64% | 65% | 1% | 17% | 8% | 1% | 13% | Dart |
83% | 33% | 61% | 52% | 0% | 24% | 7% | 4% | 11% | Delphi |
18% | 21% | 95% | 75% | - | 38% | 5% | - | 30% | Elixir |
60% | 16% | 83% | 54% | - | 39% | 11% | 7% | 42% | F# |
21% | 20% | 86% | 47% | 1% | 54% | 8% | 3% | 32% | Go |
- | - | 46% | 54% | - | - | - | - | - | GraphQL |
22% | 23% | 79% | 46% | 0% | 46% | 3% | 1% | 38% | Groovy |
59% | 35% | 62% | 51% | - | 23% | 10% | 14% | 18% | Haskell |
31% | 36% | 75% | 88% | 1% | 16% | 5% | 2% | 12% | HTML/CSS |
30% | 31% | 77% | 50% | 1% | 28% | 7% | 1% | 18% | Java |
28% | 35% | 82% | 86% | 1% | 21% | 5% | 1% | 16% | JavaScript |
26% | 2% | 65% | 19% | - | 46% | 11% | 1% | 34% | Julia |
21% | 63% | 62% | 43% | 0% | 25% | 6% | 2% | 17% | Kotlin |
39% | 44% | 52% | 34% | 13% | 39% | 11% | 2% | 2% | Lua |
55% | 18% | 17% | 16% | 1% | 15% | 32% | 1% | 14% | MATLAB |
25% | 94% | 27% | 41% | 0% | 14% | 7% | 3% | 7% | Objective-C |
36% | 29% | 78% | 52% | - | 50% | 14% | 1% | 21% | Perl |
24% | 31% | 95% | 80% | 0% | 25% | 5% | 1% | 14% | PHP |
39% | 25% | 66% | 48% | 1% | 32% | 11% | 1% | 22% | Python |
48% | 24% | 36% | 32% | 0% | 24% | 18% | 3% | 21% | R |
18% | 27% | 88% | 69% | 1% | 35% | 4% | 1% | 20% | Ruby |
45% | 21% | 72% | 46% | 2% | 54% | 17% | 17% | 29% | Rust |
19% | 10% | 82% | 40% | 0% | 52% | 6% | 2% | 36% | Scala |
29% | 16% | 69% | 42% | 1% | 58% | 10% | 2% | 34% | Shell 脚本语言 |
31% | 24% | 86% | 60% | 0% | 31% | 5% | 1% | 20% | SQL |
32% | 90% | 46% | 45% | 2% | 16% | 9% | 2% | 12% | Swift |
27% | 37% | 80% | 89% | 0% | 26% | 6% | 4% | 22% | TypeScript |
61% | 26% | 43% | 35% | 0% | 19% | 8% | 1% | 7% | Visual Basic |
JavaScript | Java | Python | PHP | SQL | TypeScript | C# | C++ | Go | Kotlin | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
47% | 25% | 25% | 33% | 18% | 10% | 13% | 9% | 4% | 5% | 非洲、中东、中亚 |
50% | 29% | 21% | 19% | 24% | 13% | 16% | 5% | 5% | 5% | 阿根廷 |
36% | 26% | 18% | 15% | 17% | 13% | 16% | 7% | 3% | 5% | 白俄罗斯 |
50% | 28% | 25% | 24% | 24% | 14% | 13% | 5% | 3% | 8% | 巴西 |
41% | 31% | 36% | 19% | 14% | 16% | 15% | 13% | 5% | 6% | 加拿大 |
32% | 47% | 30% | 9% | 15% | 11% | 8% | 13% | 15% | 6% | 中国 |
36% | 24% | 22% | 28% | 19% | 18% | 15% | 10% | 5% | 6% | 东欧、巴尔干半岛和高加索地区 |
47% | 21% | 20% | 43% | 17% | 18% | 8% | 7% | 5% | 4% | 法国 |
32% | 33% | 23% | 32% | 15% | 19% | 15% | 11% | 7% | 8% | 德国 |
40% | 38% | 44% | 12% | 16% | 9% | 5% | 23% | 5% | 7% | 印度 |
28% | 25% | 29% | 21% | 18% | 18% | 13% | 8% | 10% | 9% | 日本 |
50% | 30% | 30% | 23% | 24% | 14% | 16% | 5% | 4% | 7% | 拉丁美洲 |
52% | 35% | 29% | 23% | 25% | 12% | 18% | 7% | 2% | 7% | 墨西哥 |
37% | 24% | 24% | 34% | 18% | 17% | 18% | 8% | 4% | 7% | 北欧和比荷卢联盟 |
43% | 28% | 23% | 30% | 17% | 17% | 13% | 9% | 5% | 6% | 其他欧洲地区 |
42% | 27% | 27% | 26% | 18% | 13% | 13% | 8% | 8% | 8% | 东南亚和大洋洲其他地区 |
28% | 18% | 23% | 19% | 23% | 13% | 15% | 13% | 9% | 8% | 俄罗斯联邦 |
40% | 53% | 31% | 5% | 21% | 10% | 6% | 11% | 4% | 10% | 韩国 |
43% | 34% | 24% | 31% | 23% | 15% | 11% | 4% | 5% | 7% | 西班牙 |
37% | 23% | 25% | 21% | 20% | 6% | 34% | 7% | 4% | 6% | 土耳其 |
38% | 20% | 18% | 22% | 21% | 14% | 15% | 6% | 6% | 4% | 乌克兰 |
41% | 22% | 27% | 33% | 18% | 16% | 16% | 8% | 6% | 4% | 英国 |
40% | 27% | 35% | 27% | 21% | 13% | 13% | 12% | 7% | 6% | 美国 |
此表中未列出的某些语言在某些区域也很受欢迎:例如,Delphi 是巴西 3% 开发者的主要语言,而 Ruby (9%)、Swift (6%) 和 Scala (4 %) 在日本很受欢迎。
性别与发展
“其他”选项包括非二元性别、中性人或性别不明以及“其他 - 请填写”和“不愿回答”选项。样本太小,无法从中得出任何可靠的结论。
女性比男性更有可能参与数据分析、机器学习和 UX/UI 设计或研究。与男性相比,女性在基础架构开发、DevOps、系统管理或部署方面的参与度更低。
此问题仅向为桌面平台开发的受访者显示。
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